Propriété intellectuelle

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Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce. These intangible assets have intrinsic value and are protected by law through patents, copyrights, and trademarks. The concept of intellectual property originated as early as the 15th century, with the Venetian Brevet[2] Statute of 1474 being the earliest codified patent system. The idea is to stimulate innovation and progress by giving creators the right to control and profit from their creations. This promotes creativity, fair trading, and economic growth. However, intellectual property laws also need to balance these rights with the wider public interest, ensuring that knowledge and technologies remain widely accessible. Intellectual property rights violations, such as patent, droit d'auteur[1], and trademark infringement, as well as trade secret theft, can have severe consequences.

Définitions des termes
1. droit d'auteur. Le droit d'auteur est un terme juridique qui confère au créateur d'une œuvre originale des droits exclusifs d'utilisation et de distribution, généralement pour une période de temps limitée. Ce concept a vu le jour en Angleterre, avec l'adoption du Licensing of the Press Act en 1662 et du Statute of Anne en 1710. Au fil des siècles, les lois sur le droit d'auteur ont considérablement évolué, et des traités et conventions internationaux tels que la Convention de Berne et la Convention universelle sur le droit d'auteur ont normalisé ces droits à l'échelle mondiale. Le droit d'auteur s'applique à une grande variété d'expressions créatives, notamment les œuvres littéraires, la musique, les films, les chorégraphies, les peintures, les logiciels, les émissions et les dessins. Il est important de noter que la protection du droit d'auteur exige un niveau minimal d'originalité et qu'elle expire généralement après une période déterminée.
2. Brevet ( Patent ) A patent is a form of legal protection for inventions, granting the inventor exclusive rights to use, produce, and sell their invention for a specific period. Originating from monarchial grants, patents have evolved through legal battles and significant milestones like the Venetian Patent Statute of 1474 and the Statute of Monopolies (1624). The patent system has gone through various changes, including the introduction of examination systems, changes in patentable subject matter, and a rise in global patent applications. Despite challenges such as validity disputes and infringement cases, patents remain crucial for protecting inventions. Enforcement is possible through civil lawsuits, with patent ownership possible for individuals, corporations, and even artificial intelligence systems. Patents play a significant role in licensing agreements, international treaties, and are governed by territorial laws and patent offices.

Propriété intellectuelle (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others. The best-known types are patents, copyrights, trademarkset trade secrets. The modern concept of intellectual property developed in England in the 17th and 18th centuries. The term "intellectual property" began to be used in the 19th century, though it was not until the late 20th century that intellectual property became commonplace in most of the world's legal systems.

Intellectual property laws such as trademark laws forbid the sale of infringing goods like these "McDnoald's" [sic] and "NKIE" [sic] sandals de China.

Supporters of intellectual property laws often describe their main purpose as encouraging the creation of a wide variety of intellectual goods. To achieve this, the law gives people and businesses property rights to certain information and intellectual goods they create, usually for a limited period of time. Supporters argue that because IP laws allow people to protect their original ideas and prevent unauthorized copying, creators derive greater individual economic benefit from the information and intellectual goods they create, and thus have more economic incentives to create them in the first place. Advocates of IP believe that these economic incentives and legal protections stimulate innovation and contribute to technological progress of certain kinds.

Les intangible nature of intellectual property presents difficulties when compared with traditional property like land or goods. Unlike traditional property, intellectual property is "indivisible", since an unlimited number of people can in theory "consume" an intellectual good without its being depleted. Additionally, investments in intellectual goods suffer from appropriation problems: Landowners can surround their land with a robust fence and hire armed guards to protect it, but producers of information or literature can usually do little to stop their first buyer from replicating it and selling it at a lower price. Balancing rights so that they are strong enough to encourage the creation of intellectual goods but not so strong that they prevent the goods' wide use is the primary focus of modern intellectual property law.

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