Internet manipulation

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Internet[5] manipulation is a broad term encompassing various methods and technologies used to deceive, mislead, or influence internet users’ behavior or perception. This includes techniques like ‘Astroturfing’ which simulates grassroots campaigns to misrepresent public support; ‘Click Farm’ and ‘Click Fraud’ that inflate website[6] traffic and undermine online advertising[1] with fake clicks; and ‘Clickbait’, using sensational headlines to deceptively generate web traffic[2]. It also involves the use of malicious software like ‘Clickbot.A’ that mimics human behavior to generate fraudulent clicks. Internet manipulation is not limited to websites but also extends to social media[3] platforms where it plays a significant role in spreading fake news[4] and influencing public opinion, often with political motivations. Global responses to these manipulative practices vary, with some countries enacting laws to combat fake news. Internet manipulation also contributes to media influence and propaganda, shaping our perception of events and information. This manipulation has sparked numerous controversies and reactions, leading to calls for a radical overhaul of the web to ensure its integrity.

Terms definitions
1. online advertising.
1 Online Advertising refers to the method of delivering promotional content to users through the internet. It began in 1995, with significant developments such as the first email advertising in 1978, the introduction of online banner advertising in the early 1990s, and the launch of Google's AdWords in 2000. Various formats and sales models are used, including floating and expanding ads, trick banners and News Feed Ads, often sold in real-time bidding markets. The practice of programmatic advertising uses software to select and target ads, leveraging data from cookies and behavioral tracking to create detailed user profiles. This is complemented by Data Management Platforms, which manage first, second, and third-party data. The process of ad exchange involves ad space offers being sent to an ad exchange, where demand side platforms bid on the space. Social Media Marketing and Mobile Advertising are also prevalent forms, with the latter experiencing significant growth due to increased mobile device usage. These methods aim to increase website visibility, enhance brand engagement, and improve customer reach.
2 Online advertising is a marketing strategy that involves the use of the internet as a medium to obtain website traffic and target and deliver marketing messages to the right customers. It has evolved from the early days of simple email marketing and banner ads to more sophisticated methods like search ads, social media, and mobile advertising. This form of advertising is driven by various sales and delivery models, including direct management by website publishers, outsourcing to agencies, ad exchanges, and automated programmatic advertising. Innovative techniques have emerged over time, aiming to capture user attention and increase engagement. These strategies include floating and expanding ads, trick banners, news feed ads, search engine marketing, and social media marketing. The evolution of online advertising showcases its adaptability to changing consumer behavior and technology advancements.
3 Online advertising, also known as digital advertising, is a modern marketing strategy that uses the internet to deliver promotional content to consumers. It originated around the mid-1990s and has since undergone significant evolution, notably shifting from early restrictions on commercial activities on networks like ARPANET and NSFNet. Online advertising includes various formats such as floating ads, expanding ads, trick banners, and news feed ads. It utilizes advanced technology like programmatic advertising and data management platforms to automate ad sale and delivery, improve targeting, and enhance efficiency. Key strategies under online advertising include Search Engine Marketing (SEM), Search Engine Optimization (SEO), sponsored search, social media marketing, and mobile advertising. These strategies aim to increase website visibility, improve relevance to search terms, and deliver ad content across different platforms and devices.
4 Online advertising refers to the use of internet services to deliver promotional marketing messages to consumers. It encompasses a wide range of services, from email marketing, which started in 1978, to modern-day mobile advertising. Online advertising saw significant growth from the early 1990s with the advent of display ads and has since evolved to include various ad formats such as floating ads, expanding ads, trick banners, and News Feed Ads. The industry has also seen a shift towards integrating advertising into editorial content or services, focusing on social media advertising, and increasing mobile ad spending. Data management platforms are used to aggregate and categorize user data, and programmatic advertising further targets ads using this data. Search Engine Marketing (SEM) and Search Engine Optimization (SEO), sponsored searches, and mobile advertising are all critical facets of online advertising. This multi-faceted approach allows for a personalized and targeted advertising experience for users.
5 Online advertising is a digital marketing strategy that uses the internet as a medium to promote products and services. It began its journey in 1995 and since then, it has evolved significantly. Early restrictions on online advertising were lifted when NSFNet ended its commercial use ban in 1991. The first notable online ad was sent in 1978 by DEC and email marketing grew rapidly thereafter. Over the years, various advertising formats and strategies have emerged. These include floating ads, expanding ads, trick banners, and News Feed Ads among others. Online advertising also employs advanced techniques like programmatic advertising, behavioral targeting, and geotargeting. Additionally, it involves a variety of sales and delivery models, with website publishers either serving ads directly or outsourcing them to agencies. Google, with its tools like AdWords, has played a significant role in popularizing online advertising. Today, this form of advertising is an integral part of the digital world, merging with editorial content, social media, and mobile advertising.
2. web traffic. Web traffic, the main subject of this text, is an essential aspect of digital business. In simple terms, it refers to the number of people visiting a website. These visits, also known as 'hits,' provide valuable data about the website's popularity and performance. Analysis of this data, known as web analytics, helps businesses understand visitor behavior and optimize their online presence. Monitoring web traffic can also highlight potential issues, like traffic overload, which can slow or crash a website. Various tools and strategies, such as Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and online advertising, can increase web traffic. However, it's important to manage this growth carefully to ensure the website can handle increased activity and isn't overwhelmed. Additionally, limiting access to certain parts of the website or to certain users is another aspect of managing web traffic, which helps maintain security and performance.

Internet manipulation is the co-optation of online digital technologies, including algorithms, social bots, and automated scripts, for commercial, social, military, or political purposes. Internet and social media manipulation are the prime vehicles for spreading disinformation due to the importance of digital platforms for media consumption and everyday communication. When employed for political purposes, internet manipulation may be used to steer public opinion, polarise citizens, circulate conspiracy theories, and silence political dissidents. Internet manipulation can also be done for profit, for instance, to harm corporate or political adversaries and improve brand reputation. Internet manipulation is sometimes also used to describe the selective enforcement of Internet censorship or selective violations of net neutrality.

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