Internet[5] manipulation is a broad term encompassing various methods and technologies used to deceive, mislead, or influence internet users’ behavior or perception. This includes techniques like ‘Astroturfing’ which simulates grassroots campaigns to misrepresent public support; ‘Click Farm’ and ‘Click Fraud’ that inflate website[6] traffic and undermine online advertising[1] with fake clicks; and ‘Clickbait’, using sensational headlines to deceptively generate web traffic[2]. It also involves the use of malicious software like ‘Clickbot.A’ that mimics human behavior to generate fraudulent clicks. Internet manipulation is not limited to websites but also extends to social media[3] platforms where it plays a significant role in spreading fake news[4] and influencing public opinion, often with political motivations. Global responses to these manipulative practices vary, with some countries enacting laws to combat fake news. Internet manipulation also contributes to media influence and propaganda, shaping our perception of events and information. This manipulation has sparked numerous controversies and reactions, leading to calls for a radical overhaul of the web to ensure its integrity.
Internet manipulation is the co-optation of online digital technologies, including algorithms, social bots, and automated scripts, for commercial, social, military, or political purposes. Internet and social media manipulation are the prime vehicles for spreading disinformation due to the importance of digital platforms for media consumption and everyday communication. When employed for political purposes, internet manipulation may be used to steer public opinion, polarise citizens, circulate conspiracy theories, and silence political dissidents. Internet manipulation can also be done for profit, for instance, to harm corporate or political adversaries and improve brand reputation. Internet manipulation is sometimes also used to describe the selective enforcement of Internet censorship or selective violations of net neutrality.