Inteligência artificial

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Artificial Intelligence[1] (AI) refers to the field of computador[3] science that aims to create systems capable of performing tasks that would normally require human intelligence. These tasks include reasoning, learning, planning, perception, and language understanding. AI draws from different fields including psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and neuroscience. The field is prominent in developing machine learning[2] models and natural language processing systems. It also plays a significant role in creating virtual assistants and affective computing systems. AI applications extend across various sectors including healthcare, industry, government, and education. Despite its benefits, AI also raises ethical and societal concerns, necessitating regulatory policies. AI continues to evolve with advanced techniques such as deep learning and generative AI, offering new possibilities in various industries.

Definições de termos
1. Inteligência artificial ( Artificial Intelligence )
1 A Inteligência Artificial, vulgarmente conhecida por IA, é um domínio da ciência informática dedicado à criação de máquinas inteligentes que executam tarefas que normalmente requerem o intelecto humano. Estas tarefas incluem a resolução de problemas, o reconhecimento do discurso, a compreensão da linguagem natural e a tomada de decisões. A IA divide-se em dois tipos: a IA restrita, que é concebida para executar uma tarefa específica, como o reconhecimento de voz, e a IA geral, que pode executar quaisquer tarefas intelectuais que um ser humano possa fazer. É uma tecnologia em constante evolução que se baseia em vários domínios, incluindo a informática, a matemática, a psicologia, a linguística e a neurociência. Os conceitos fundamentais da IA incluem o raciocínio, a representação do conhecimento, o planeamento, o processamento da linguagem natural e a perceção. A IA tem aplicações abrangentes em vários sectores, desde os cuidados de saúde e os jogos até ao militar e à criatividade, e as suas considerações e desafios éticos são fundamentais para o seu desenvolvimento e implementação.
2 A Inteligência Artificial (IA) refere-se ao domínio da ciência da computação que tem por objetivo criar sistemas capazes de realizar tarefas que normalmente exigiriam a inteligência humana. Estas tarefas incluem o raciocínio, a aprendizagem, o planeamento, a perceção e a compreensão da linguagem. A IA tem origem em diferentes domínios, incluindo a psicologia, a linguística, a filosofia e a neurociência. Este domínio é proeminente no desenvolvimento de modelos de aprendizagem automática e de sistemas de processamento de linguagem natural. Desempenha também um papel importante na criação de assistentes virtuais e de sistemas de computação afectiva. As aplicações da IA estendem-se a vários sectores, incluindo os cuidados de saúde, a indústria, a administração pública e a educação. Apesar dos seus benefícios, a IA também suscita preocupações éticas e sociais, exigindo políticas regulamentares. A IA continua a evoluir com técnicas avançadas, como a aprendizagem profunda e a IA generativa, oferecendo novas possibilidades em vários sectores.
2. machine learning. Machine learning, a term coined by Arthur Samuel in 1959, is a field of study that originated from the pursuit of artificial intelligence. It employs techniques that allow computers to improve their performance over time through experience. This learning process often mimics the human cognitive process. Machine learning applies to various areas such as natural language processing, computer vision, and speech recognition. It also finds use in practical sectors like agriculture, medicine, and business for predictive analytics. Theoretical frameworks such as the Probably Approximately Correct learning and concepts like data mining and mathematical optimization form the foundation of machine learning. Specialized techniques include supervised and unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and dimensionality reduction, among others.

Inteligência artificial (IA), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems. It is a field of research em computer science that develops and studies methods and software which enable machines to perceive their environment and uses learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. Such machines may be called AIs.

AI technology is widely used throughout industry, government, and science. Some high-profile applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Pesquisa no Google); recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazone Netflix); interacting via human speech (e.g., Assistente Google, Sirie Alexa); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo); generative e creative tools (e.g., ChatGPT e AI art); and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess e Go). However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore."

Alan Turing was the first person to conduct substantial research in the field that he called machine intelligence. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956. The field went through multiple cycles of optimism, followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI winter. Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning surpassed all previous AI techniques, and after 2017 with the transformer architecture. This led to the AI boom of the early 2020s, with companies, universities, and laboratories overwhelmingly based in the United States pioneering significant advances in artificial intelligence.

The growing use of artificial intelligence in the 21st century is influencing a societal and economic shift towards increased automation, data-driven decision-making, and the integration of AI systems into various economic sectors and areas of life, impacting job markets, healthcare, government, industry, and education. This raises questions about the long-term effects, ethical implicationse risks of AI, prompting discussions about regulatory policies to ensure the safety and benefits of the technology.

The various sub-fields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, and support for robotics. General intelligence—the ability to complete any task performable by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals.

To reach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of techniques, including search e mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, operations researche economics. AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, filosofia, neuroscience, and other fields.


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